C++ QUESTIONS:
DATA STRUCTURE QUESTIONS:
JAVA QUESTIONS:
Advanced JAVA questions:
Operating System Questions:
MICROPROCESSOR QUESTIONS:
ELECTRONICS QUESTIONS:
Thursday, April 1
Technical Interview Questions
C- Questions:
1. What does static variable mean?
2. What is a pointer?
3. What is a structure?
4. What are the differences between structures and arrays?
5. In header files whether functions are declared or defined?
6. What are the differences between malloc() and calloc()?
7. What are macros? what are its advantages and disadvantages?
8. Difference between pass by reference and pass by value?
9. What is static identifier?
10. Where are the auto variables stored?
11. Where does global, static, local, register variables, free memory and C Program instructions get stored?
12. Difference between arrays and linked list?
13. What are enumerations?
14. Describe about storage allocation and scope of global, extern, static, local and register variables?
15. What are register variables? What are the advantage of using register variables?
16. What is the use of typedef?
17. Can we specify variable field width in a scanf() format string? If possible how?
18. Out of fgets() and gets() which function is safe to use and why?
19. Difference between strdup and strcpy?
20. What is recursion?
21. Differentiate between a for loop and a while loop? What are it uses?
22. What are the different storage classes in C?
23. Write down the equivalent pointer expression for referring the same element a[i][j][k][l]?
24. What is difference between Structure and Unions?
25. What the advantages of using Unions?
26. What are the advantages of using pointers in a program?
27. What is the difference between Strings and Arrays?
28. In a header file whether functions are declared or defined?
29. What is a far pointer? where we use it?
30. How will you declare an array of three function pointers where each function receives two ints and returns a float?
31. what is a NULL Pointer? Whether it is same as an uninitialized pointer?
32. What is a NULL Macro? What is the difference between a NULL Pointer and a NULL Macro?
33. What does the error 'Null Pointer Assignment' mean and what causes this error?
34. What is near, far and huge pointers? How many bytes are occupied by them?
35. How would you obtain segment and offset addresses from a far address of a memory location?
36. Are the expressions arr and &arr same for an array of integers?
37. Does mentioning the array name gives the base address in all the contexts?
38. Explain one method to process an entire string as one unit?
39. What is the similarity between a Structure, Union and enumeration?
40. Can a Structure contain a Pointer to itself?
41. How can we check whether the contents of two structure variables are same or not?
42. How are Structure passing and returning implemented by the complier?
43. How can we read/write Structures from/to data files?
44. What is the difference between an enumeration and a set of pre-processor # defines?
45. what do the 'c' and 'v' in argc and argv stand for?
46. Are the variables argc and argv are local to main?
47. What is the maximum combined length of command line arguments including the space between adjacent arguments?
48. If we want that any wildcard characters in the command line arguments should be appropriately expanded, are we required to make any special provision? If yes, which?
49. Does there exist any way to make the command line arguments available to other functions without passing them as arguments to the function?
50. What are bit fields? What is the use of bit fields in a Structure declaration?
51. To which numbering system can the binary number 1101100100111100 be easily converted to?
52. Which bit wise operator is suitable for checking whether a particular bit is on or off?
53. Which bit wise operator is suitable for turning off a particular bit in a number?
54. Which bit wise operator is suitable for putting on a particular bit in a number?
55. Which bit wise operator is suitable for checking whether a particular bit is on or off?
56. which one is equivalent to multiplying by 2:Left shifting a number by 1 or Left shifting an unsigned int or char by 1?
57. Write a program to compare two strings without using the strcmp() function.
58. Write a program to concatenate two strings.
59. Write a program to interchange 2 variables without using the third one.
60. Write programs for String Reversal & Palindrome check
61. Write a program to find the Factorial of a number
62. Write a program to generate the Fibinocci Series
63. Write a program which employs Recursion
64. Write a program which uses Command Line Arguments
65. Write a program which uses functions like strcmp(), strcpy()? etc
66. What are the advantages of using typedef in a program?
67. How would you dynamically allocate a one-dimensional and two-dimensional array of integers?
68. How can you increase the size of a dynamically allocated array?
69. How can you increase the size of a statically allocated array?
70. When reallocating memory if any other pointers point into the same piece of memory do you have to readjust these other pointers or do they get readjusted automatically?
71. Which function should be used to free the memory allocated by calloc()?
72. How much maximum can you allocate in a single call to malloc()?
73. Can you dynamically allocate arrays in expanded memory?
74. What is object file? How can you access object file?
75. Which header file should you include if you are to develop a function which can accept variable number of arguments?
76. Can you write a function similar to printf()?
77. How can a called function determine the number of arguments that have been passed to it?
78. Can there be at least some solution to determine the number of arguments passed to a variable argument list function?
79. How do you declare the following:
An array of three pointers to chars
An array of three char pointers
A pointer to array of three chars
A pointer to function which receives an int pointer and returns a float pointer
A pointer to a function which receives nothing and returns nothing
80. What do the functions atoi(), itoa() and gcvt() do?
81. Does there exist any other function which can be used to convert an integer or a float to a string?
82. How would you use qsort() function to sort an array of structures?
83. How would you use qsort() function to sort the name stored in an array of pointers to string?
84. How would you use bsearch() function to search a name stored in array of pointers to string?
85. How would you use the functions sin(), pow(), sqrt()?
86. How would you use the functions memcpy(), memset(), memmove()?
87. How would you use the functions fseek(), freed(), fwrite() and ftell()?
88. How would you obtain the current time and difference between two times?
89. How would you use the functions randomize() and random()?
90. How would you implement a substr() function that extracts a sub string from a given string?
91. What is the difference between the functions rand(), random(), srand() and randomize()?
92. What is the difference between the functions memmove() and memcpy()?
93. How do you print a string on the printer?
94. Can you use the function fprintf() to display the output on the screen?
C++ QUESTIONS:
1. What is a class?
2. What is an object?
3. What is the difference between an object and a class?
4. What is the difference between class and structure?
5. What is public, protected, private?
6. What are virtual functions?
7. What is friend function?
8. What is a scope resolution operator?
9. What do you mean by inheritance?
10. What is abstraction?
11. What is polymorphism? Explain with an example.
12. What is encapsulation?
13. What do you mean by binding of data and functions?
14. What is function overloading and operator overloading?
15. What is virtual class and friend class?
16. What do you mean by inline function?
17. What do you mean by public, private, protected and friendly?
18. When is an object created and what is its lifetime?
19. What do you mean by multiple inheritance and multilevel inheritance? Differentiate between them.
20. Difference between realloc() and free?
21. What is a template?
22. What are the main differences between procedure oriented languages and object oriented languages?
23. What is R T T I ?
24. What are generic functions and generic classes?
25. What is namespace?
26. What is the difference between pass by reference and pass by value?
27. Why do we use virtual functions?
28. What do you mean by pure virtual functions?
29. What are virtual classes?
30. Does c++ support multilevel and multiple inheritance?
31. What are the advantages of inheritance?
32. When is a memory allocated to a class?
33. What is the difference between declaration and definition?
34. What is virtual constructors/destructors?
35. In c++ there is only virtual destructors, no constructors. Why?
36. What is late bound function call and early bound function call? Differentiate.
37. How is exception handling carried out in c++?
38. When will a constructor executed?
39. What is Dynamic Polymorphism?
40. Write a macro for swapping integers.
DATA STRUCTURE QUESTIONS:
1. What is a data structure?
2. What does abstract data type means?
3. Evaluate the following prefix expression " ++ 26 + - 1324" (Similar types can be asked)
4. Convert the following infix expression to post fix notation ((a+2)*(b+4)) -1 (Similar types can be asked)
5. How is it possible to insert different type of elements in stack?
6. Stack can be described as a pointer. Explain.
7. Write a Binary Search program
8. Write programs for Bubble Sort, Quick sort
9. Explain about the types of linked lists
10. How would you sort a linked list?
11. Write the programs for Linked List (Insertion and Deletion) operations
12. What data structure would you mostly likely see in a non recursive implementation of a recursive algorithm?
13. What do you mean by Base case, Recursive case, Binding Time, Run-Time Stack and Tail Recursion?
14. Explain quick sort and merge sort algorithms and derive the time-constraint relation for these.
15. Explain binary searching, Fibinocci search.
16. What is the maximum total number of nodes in a tree that has N levels? Note that the root is level (zero)
17. How many different binary trees and binary search trees can be made from three nodes that contain the key values 1, 2 & 3?
18. A list is ordered from smaller to largest when a sort is called. Which sort would take the longest time to execute?
19. A list is ordered from smaller to largest when a sort is called. Which sort would take the shortest time to execute?
20. When will you sort an array of pointers to list elements, rather than sorting the elements themselves?
21. The element being searched for is not found in an array of 100 elements. What is the average number of comparisons needed in a sequential search to determine that the element is not there, if the elements are completely unordered?
22. What is the average number of comparisons needed in a sequential search to determine the position of an element in an array of 100 elements, if the elements are ordered from largest to smallest?
23. Which sort show the best average behavior?
24. What is the average number of comparisons in a sequential search?
25. Which data structure is needed to convert infix notations to post fix notations?
26. What do you mean by:
Syntax Error
Logical Error
Runtime Error
How can you correct these errors?
27. In which data structure, elements can be added or removed at either end, but not in the middle?
28. How will inorder, preorder and postorder traversals print the elements of a tree?
29. Parenthesis are never needed in prefix or postfix expressions. Why?
30. Which one is faster? A binary search of an orderd set of elements in an array or a sequential search of the elements.
JAVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is the difference between an Abstract class and Interface?
2. What is user defined exception?
3. What do you know about the garbage collector?
4. What is the difference between java and c++?
5. In an HTML form I have a button which makes us to open another page in 15 seconds. How will you do that?
6. What is the difference between process and threads?
7. What is update method called?
8. Have you ever used HashTable and Directory?
9. What are statements in Java?
10. What is a JAR file?
11. What is JNI?
12. What is the base class for all swing components?
13. What is JFC?
14. What is the difference between AWT and Swing?
15. Considering notepad/IE or any other thing as process, What will happen if you start notepad or IE 3 times ? Where three processes are started or three threads are started?
16. How does thread synchronization occur in a monitor?
17. Is there any tag in HTML to upload and download files?
18. Why do you canvas?
19. How can you know about drivers and database information ?
20. What is serialization?
21. Can you load the server object dynamically? If so what are the 3 major steps involved in it?
22. What is the layout for toolbar?
23. What is the difference between Grid and Gridbaglayout?
24. How will you add panel to a frame?
25. Where are the card layouts used?
26. What is the corresponding layout for card in swing?
27. What is light weight component?
28. Can you run the product development on all operating systems?
29. What are the benefits if Swing over AWT?
30. How can two threads be made to communicate with each other?
31. What are the files generated after using IDL to java compiler?
32. What is the protocol used by server and client?
33. What is the functionability stubs and skeletons?
34. What is the mapping mechanism used by java to identify IDL language?
35. What is serializable interface?
36. What is the use of interface?
37. Why is java not fully objective oriented?
38. Why does java not support multiple inheritance?
39. What is the root class for all java classes?
40. What is polymorphism?
41. Suppose if we have a variable 'I' in run method, if I can create one or more thread each thread will occupy a separate copy or same variable will be shared?
42. What are virtual functions?
43. Write down how will you create a Binary tree?
44. What are the traverses in binary tree?
45. Write a program for recursive traverse?
46. What are session variable in servlets?
47. What is client server computing?
48. What is constructor and virtual function? Can we call a virtual function in a constructor?
49. Why do we use oops concepts? What is its advantage?
50. What is middleware? What is the functionality of web server?
51. Why is java not 100% pure oops?
52. When will you use an interface and abstract class?
53. What is the exact difference in between Unicast and Multicast object? Where will it be used?
54. What is the main functionality of the remote reference layer?
55. How do you download stubs from Remote place?
56. I want to store more than 10 objects in a remote server? Which methodology will follow?
57. What is the main functionality of Prepared Statement?
58. What is meant by Static query and Dynamic query?
59. What are Normalization Rules? Define Normalization?
60. What is meant by Servelet? What are the parameters of service method?
61. What is meant by Session? Explain something about HTTP Session Class?
62. In a container there are 5 components. I want to display all the component names, how will you do that?
63. Why there are some null interface in JAVA? What does it mean? Give some null interface in JAVA?
64. Tell some latest versions in JAVA related areas?
65. What is meant by class loader? How many types are there? When will we use them?
66. What is meant by flickering?
67. What is meant by distributed application? Why are we using that in our application?
68. What is the functionality of the stub?
69. Explain about version control?
70. Explain 2-tier and 3-tier architecture?
71. What is the role of Web Server?
72. How can we do validation of the fields in a project?
73. What is meant by cookies? Explain the main features?
74. Why java is considered as platform independent?
75. What are the advantages of java over C++?
76. How java can be connected to a database?
77. What is thread?
78. What is difference between Process and Thread?
79. Does java support multiple inheritance? if not, what is the solution?
80. What are abstract classes?
81. What is an interface?
82. What is the difference abstract class and interface?
83. What are adapter classes?
84. what is meant wrapper classes?
85. What are JVM.JRE, J2EE, JNI?
86. What are swing components?
87. What do you mean by light weight and heavy weight components?
88. What is meant by function overloading and function overriding?
89. Does java support function overloading, pointers, structures, unions or linked lists?
90. What do you mean by multithreading?
91. What are byte codes?
92. What are streams?
93. What is user defined exception?
94. In an HTML page form I have one button which makes us to open a new page in 15 seconds. How will you do that?
Advanced JAVA questions:
1. What is RMI?
2. Explain about RMI Architecture?
3. What are Servelets?
4. What is the use of servlets?
5. Explain RMI Architecture?
6. How will you pass values from HTML page to the servlet?
7. How do you load an image in a Servelet?
8. What is purpose of applet programming?
9. How will you communicate between two applets?
10. What IS the difference between Servelets and Applets?
11. How do you communicate in between Applets and Servlets?
12. What is the difference between applet and application?
13. What is the difference between CGI and Servlet?
14. In the servlets, we are having a web page that is invoking servlets ,username and password? which is checks in database? Suppose the second page also if we want to verify the same information whether it will connect to the database or it will be used previous information?
15. What are the difference between RMI and Servelets?
16. How will you call an Applet using Java Script Function?
17. How can you push data from an Applet to a Servlet?
18. What are 4 drivers available in JDBC? At what situation are four of the drivers used?
19. If you are truncated using JDBC , how can you that how much data is truncated?
20. How will you perform truncation using JDBC?
21. What is the latest version of JDBC? What are the new features added in that?
22. What is the difference between RMI registry and OS Agent?
23. To a server method, the client wants to send a value 20, with this value exceeds to 20 a message should be sent to the client . What will you do for achieving this?
24. How do you invoke a Servelet? What is the difference between doPost method and doGet method?
25. What is difference between the HTTP Servelet and Generic Servelet? Explain about their methods and parameters?
26. Can we use threads in Servelets?
27. Write a program on RMI and JDBC using Stored Procedure?
28. How do you swing an applet?
29. How will you pass parameters in RMI? Why do you serialize?
30. In RMI ,server object is first loaded into memory and then the stub reference is sent to the client. true or false?
31. Suppose server object not loaded into the memory and the client request for it. What will happen?
32. What is the web server used for running the servelets?
33. What is Servlet API used for connecting database?
34. What is bean? Where can it be used?
35. What is the difference between java class and bean?
36. Can we sent objects using Sockets?
37. What is the RMI and Socket?
38. What is CORBA?
39. Can you modify an object in corba?
40. What is RMI and what are the services in RMI?
41. What are the difference between RMI and CORBA?
42. How will you initialize an Applet?
43. What is the order of method invocation in an Applet?
44. What is ODBC and JDBC? How do you connect the Database?
45. What do you mean by Socket Programming?
46. What is difference between Generic Servlet and HTTP Servelet?
47. What you mean by COM and DCOM?
48. what is e-commerce?
Operating System Questions:
1. What are the basic functions of an operating system?
2. Explain briefly about, processor, assembler, compiler, loader, linker and the functions executed by them.
3. What are the difference phases of software development? Explain briefly?
4. Differentiate between RAM and ROM?
5. What is DRAM? In which form does it store data?
6. What is cache memory?
7. What is hard disk and what is its purpose?
8. Differentiate between Complier and Interpreter?
9. What are the different tasks of Lexical analysis?
10. What are the different functions of Syntax phase, Sheduler?
11. What are the main difference between Micro-Controller and Micro- Processor?
12. Describe different job scheduling in operating systems.
13. What is a Real-Time System ?
14. What is the difference between Hard and Soft real-time systems ?
15. What is a mission critical system ?
16. What is the important aspect of a real-time system ?
17. If two processes which shares same system memory and system clock in a distributed system, What is it called?
18. What is the state of the processor, when a process is waiting for some event to occur?
19. What do you mean by deadlock?
20. Explain the difference between microkernel and macro kernel.
21. Give an example of microkernel.
22. When would you choose bottom up methodology?
23. When would you choose top down methodology?
24. Write a small dc shell script to find number of FF in the design.
25. Why paging is used ?
26. Which is the best page replacement algorithm and Why? How much time is spent usually in each phases and why?
27. Difference between Primary storage and secondary storage?
28. What is multi tasking, multi programming, multi threading?
29. Difference between multi threading and multi tasking?
30. What is software life cycle?
31. Demand paging, page faults, replacement algorithms, thrashing, etc.
32. Explain about paged segmentation and segment paging
33. While running DOS on a PC, which command would be used to duplicate the entire diskette?
MICROPROCESSOR QUESTIONS:
1. Which type of architecture 8085 has?
2. How many memory locations can be addressed by a microprocessor with 14 address lines?
3. 8085 is how many bit microprocessor?
4. Why is data bus bi-directional?
5. What is the function of accumulator?
6. What is flag, bus?
7. What are tri-state devices and why they are essential in a bus oriented system?
8. Why are program counter and stack pointer 16-bit registers?
9. What does it mean by embedded system?
10. What are the different addressing modes in 8085?
11. What is the difference between MOV and MVI?
12. What are the functions of RIM, SIM, IN?
13. What is the immediate addressing mode?
14. What are the different flags in 8085?
15. What happens during DMA transfer?
16. What do you mean by wait state? What is its need?
17. What is PSW?
18. What is ALE? Explain the functions of ALE in 8085.
19. What is a program counter? What is its use?
20. What is an interrupt?
21. Which line will be activated when an output device require attention from CPU?
ELECTRONICS QUESTIONS:
1. What is meant by D-FF?
2. What is the basic difference between Latches and Flip flops?
3. What is a multiplexer?
4. How can you convert an SR Flip-flop to a JK Flip-flop?
5. How can you convert an JK Flip-flop to a D Flip-flop?
6. What is Race-around problem? How can you rectify it?
7. Which semiconductor device is used as a voltage regulator and why?
8. What do you mean by an ideal voltage source?
9. What do you mean by zener breakdown and avalanche breakdown?
10. What are the different types of filters?
11. What is the need of filtering ideal response of filters and actual response of filters?
12. What is sampling theorem?
13. What is impulse response?
14. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of FIR filters compared to IIR counterparts.
15. What is CMRR? Explain briefly.
16. What do you mean by half-duplex and full-duplex communication? Explain briefly.
17. Which range of signals are used for terrestrial transmission?
18. What is the need for modulation?
19. Which type of modulation is used in TV transmission?
20. Why we use vestigial side band (VSB-C3F) transmission for picture?
21. When transmitting digital signals is it necessary to transmit some harmonics in addition to fundamental frequency?
22. For asynchronous transmission, is it necessary to supply some synchronizing pulses additionally or to supply or to supply start and stop bit?
23. BPFSK is more efficient than BFSK in presence of noise. Why?
24. What is meant by pre-emphasis and de-emphasis?
25. What do you mean by 3 dB cutoff frequency? Why is it 3 dB, not 1 dB?
26. What do you mean by ASCII, EBCDIC?
C++ QUESTIONS:
DATA STRUCTURE QUESTIONS:
JAVA QUESTIONS:
Advanced JAVA questions:
Operating System Questions:
MICROPROCESSOR QUESTIONS:
ELECTRONICS QUESTIONS:
TIPS FOR PREPARING APPLICATIONS AND RESUMES
For many government agencies the application is the primary document used to evaluate qualifications. Its presentation is key to obtaining an interview.
Most government employers will require completion of the organization's official application form at some time during the process. Even if the resume contains the same information, an application form is often required for legal, data processing, and employer convenience reasons.
The application is an official document. The information must be complete and accurate. If the space is inadequate for a certain situation, explain the situation on an attached page.
Be certain that you document is neat, error- and smudge-free, typed, centered, and complete. Typing application forms is not always possible; however, it is preferred. The form is often copied and widely circulated internally, and a typed form is a more effective presentation.
If there is a "salary desired" or similar blank, you may write, "negotiable" if you have
no significant work experience related to the sought-after assignment. For candidates with work experience or a minimum acceptable salary, the minimum should be specified. If the employer cannot meet the minimum, an offer is unlikely, so both parties can save time.
Most government employers will require completion of the organization's official application form at some time during the process. Even if the resume contains the same information, an application form is often required for legal, data processing, and employer convenience reasons.
The application is an official document. The information must be complete and accurate. If the space is inadequate for a certain situation, explain the situation on an attached page.
Be certain that you document is neat, error- and smudge-free, typed, centered, and complete. Typing application forms is not always possible; however, it is preferred. The form is often copied and widely circulated internally, and a typed form is a more effective presentation.
If there is a "salary desired" or similar blank, you may write, "negotiable" if you have
no significant work experience related to the sought-after assignment. For candidates with work experience or a minimum acceptable salary, the minimum should be specified. If the employer cannot meet the minimum, an offer is unlikely, so both parties can save time.
Designing Your Resume
Purpose
A resume is a self-marketing tool. It is designed with one purpose in mind - to "sell" your skills, knowledge, and experience to an employer so that he/she will invite you for an interview. An effective resume speaks to the employer's needs and requirements and demonstrates a match between what you have to offer and those requirements. It stimulates interest in you by summarizing information: unique qualities, well developed skills, relevant work or academic experiences, or accomplishments that clearly differentiates you from the competition.
Employers want to know about you, not your position. Spend more time describing your duties, responsibilities and accomplishments than describing the size and nature of your organization, although it is important for the employer to know that you have had experience in a similar organization. Your resume should be factual, impressive, readable, and tailored to the position you are seeking. It should describe your experience and achievements to stimulate a positive response. Your resume is an important item in getting you the position desire.
Purpose
A resume is a self-marketing tool. It is designed with one purpose in mind - to "sell" your skills, knowledge, and experience to an employer so that he/she will invite you for an interview. An effective resume speaks to the employer's needs and requirements and demonstrates a match between what you have to offer and those requirements. It stimulates interest in you by summarizing information: unique qualities, well developed skills, relevant work or academic experiences, or accomplishments that clearly differentiates you from the competition.
Employers want to know about you, not your position. Spend more time describing your duties, responsibilities and accomplishments than describing the size and nature of your organization, although it is important for the employer to know that you have had experience in a similar organization. Your resume should be factual, impressive, readable, and tailored to the position you are seeking. It should describe your experience and achievements to stimulate a positive response. Your resume is an important item in getting you the position desire.
Preparation
In preparing to write your resume, remember that you can only count on an employer to spend twenty seconds scanning your resume before deciding whether to review it further or put it aside. The key is to design the format in such a way that it leads the employer's eye to words that speak to his/her needs. Obviously then, effective resumes are developed by individuals who have thoroughly researched the organizations they want to work for, have identified the specific job they want, and have figured out what they have to offer. In addition, well designed resumes have these characteristics in common:
* Visual appeal, easy to read layout, and high quality reproduction;
* Highlights strengths and links them to employer's needs; minimizes or excludes irrelevant experience;
* Presents the most important information first;
* Entirely free from any errors: spelling, typographical, punctuation, or grammatical;
* Succinct and organized; does not exceed two pages.
Types of Resumes
In preparing to write your resume, remember that you can only count on an employer to spend twenty seconds scanning your resume before deciding whether to review it further or put it aside. The key is to design the format in such a way that it leads the employer's eye to words that speak to his/her needs. Obviously then, effective resumes are developed by individuals who have thoroughly researched the organizations they want to work for, have identified the specific job they want, and have figured out what they have to offer. In addition, well designed resumes have these characteristics in common:
* Visual appeal, easy to read layout, and high quality reproduction;
* Highlights strengths and links them to employer's needs; minimizes or excludes irrelevant experience;
* Presents the most important information first;
* Entirely free from any errors: spelling, typographical, punctuation, or grammatical;
* Succinct and organized; does not exceed two pages.
Types of Resumes
The chronological and functional resumes, or some combination of these two formats, are the standard types of resumes used by job seekers in today's employment market. To select the type which best supports your needs, review the following information. Many professional recruiters discount functional resumes and consider them as a "red flag", since many applicants use them to disguise a lack of experience or unstable work history.
Chronological Resume (Preferred)
In this type of resume, job history is organized chronologically with the most recent information first. Job titles and organizations are emphasized and duties and accomplishments are described in detail. A chronological
resume is easy to read, since it highlights names of employers and job titles, and emphasizes career growth. It is best suited to those whose career goals are clear and whose job objectives are aligned with their work history.
A chronological resume is advantageous when:
your recent employers and/or job titles are impressive;
you are staying in the same career field;
your job history shows progress;
you are working in a field where traditional job search methods are
utilized (e.g., education, government).
A chronological resume is not advantageous when:
you are changing careers;
you have changed employers frequently;
you want to de-emphasize age;
you have been absent from the job market.
Functional Resume
Stay away from a function resume if at all possible. In a functional resume, skills and accomplishments developed through work, academic, and community experiences are highlighted. Your skills and potential can be stressed and lack of experience or possible gaps in work history de-emphasized. However, it is important to realize employers often view functional resumes more critically for these very same reasons.
The functional resume is advantageous when:
* you want to emphasize capabilities not used in recent work experience;
* you want to emphasize personal qualities relevant to the job such as industriousness, cooperative attitude, related interests, and aptitudes;
* you want to focus on capabilities rather than lengthy employment history;
* you are changing careers/re-entering the job market;
* your career growth in the past has not been continuous and progressive;
* you have a variety of unrelated work experiences;
* your work has been free-lance, consulting, or temporary in nature.
The functional resume is not advantageous when:
* you have little work experience;
* you want to emphasize promotions and career growth;
* you are working in highly traditional fields, such as teaching, accounting, and politics, where employers should be highlighted.
Combination Resume
This format combines the best elements of the chronological and functional types. It presents patterns of accomplishments and skills in a section headed "Areas of Effectiveness" or "Qualifications Summary." But it also includes a brief work history and education summary. This format is advantageous for those who wish to change to a job in a related career field.
Preparing your Resume
Chronological Resume (Preferred)
In this type of resume, job history is organized chronologically with the most recent information first. Job titles and organizations are emphasized and duties and accomplishments are described in detail. A chronological
resume is easy to read, since it highlights names of employers and job titles, and emphasizes career growth. It is best suited to those whose career goals are clear and whose job objectives are aligned with their work history.
A chronological resume is advantageous when:
your recent employers and/or job titles are impressive;
you are staying in the same career field;
your job history shows progress;
you are working in a field where traditional job search methods are
utilized (e.g., education, government).
A chronological resume is not advantageous when:
you are changing careers;
you have changed employers frequently;
you want to de-emphasize age;
you have been absent from the job market.
Functional Resume
Stay away from a function resume if at all possible. In a functional resume, skills and accomplishments developed through work, academic, and community experiences are highlighted. Your skills and potential can be stressed and lack of experience or possible gaps in work history de-emphasized. However, it is important to realize employers often view functional resumes more critically for these very same reasons.
The functional resume is advantageous when:
* you want to emphasize capabilities not used in recent work experience;
* you want to emphasize personal qualities relevant to the job such as industriousness, cooperative attitude, related interests, and aptitudes;
* you want to focus on capabilities rather than lengthy employment history;
* you are changing careers/re-entering the job market;
* your career growth in the past has not been continuous and progressive;
* you have a variety of unrelated work experiences;
* your work has been free-lance, consulting, or temporary in nature.
The functional resume is not advantageous when:
* you have little work experience;
* you want to emphasize promotions and career growth;
* you are working in highly traditional fields, such as teaching, accounting, and politics, where employers should be highlighted.
Combination Resume
This format combines the best elements of the chronological and functional types. It presents patterns of accomplishments and skills in a section headed "Areas of Effectiveness" or "Qualifications Summary." But it also includes a brief work history and education summary. This format is advantageous for those who wish to change to a job in a related career field.
Preparing your Resume
Ronald and Caryl Rae Krannich in their book, Dynamite Resumes, point out that the categories of information you include on your resume should provide answers to these questions:
1. Contact section: Who are you and how can you be reached?
2. Objective statement: What do you want to do?
3. Education section: What have you learned?
4. Experience/Employment section: What can you do? What have you done?
5. Professional activities and accomplishments: How have you been recognized?
6. Miscellaneous: What else do they want to know about you?
Sequence the categories according to what is most important to the employer and your career objective. A recent college graduate with limited experience should usually put the education section first since it is the most significant qualification. Education should also be listed first when, as in the case of teaching, law, medicine, or engineering, education is a qualifying requirement. In a situation where an applicant wants to
emphasize significant work or extracurricular experience or when an employer seeks to fill jobs in fields such as sales, public relations, or merchandising, the experience or work history category may be listed first.
1. Contact Information
Begin your resume with your name by capitalizing or using bold type. Include street address, city, state, and zip code. Include phone number(s) where you can be reached weekdays, 9am-5pm. Designate your home phone with an "H," and work number with "W," or a "Messages" number.
2. Career/Job Objective
This is recommended only for recent graduates or entry level personnel. Experience and professional job seekers rarely include it. This component of the resume can be very challenging to write. The purpose of the objective statement is to inform the reader of your career goals and qualifications. The statement should be written specifically enough to let the reader know that you have a focus to your job search. If you are considering a variety of objectives, you may want to relay the relevant objective in an accompanying cover letter.
3. Educational Highlights
This section is most effective when you have experiences from your education that are impressive and/or directly relate to your objective. Adding this section is useful when you have developed skills and specific knowledge through your education rather than work experience. This section can be used to highlight coursework, research, or special knowledge that complements your objective. This information is useful in a resume of entry level candidates and recent graduates.
An alternative to highlighting courses is to list the skills and knowledge acquired through important courses and research.
Examples: Developed model investment portfolio for Fortune 500 company. Analyzed revenue and expense history using state-of-the-art computer simulation programs. Designed promotional campaign for new service a targeted market.
Summary information about your undergraduate and graduate education should be included in your resume. List the name and location of the school, time period or date of degree, the degree received, and academic honors, e.g. Phi Beta Kappa, significant scholarships or fellowships. You may also list any continuing education and significant professional training but do not list every course or seminar you have attended. In general, the more recently you have attended college, the more education related information you may want to provide as you will most likely have relatively less work experience.
Start with your most recent degree or the program in which you are currently enrolled. List other degrees or relevant education in reverse chronological order.
Highlight your degree by using bold type, capital letters or underlining.
If the degree is relevant to your job objective, begin with degree and emphasis, followed by university, location of university, and date of graduation or anticipated date of graduation. Example: M.P.A., Masters of Public Administration,George Washington University , Washington
If degree/program is not directly related to current job objective, begin with the university, followed by the location, degree and emphasis, and graduation date.
If you are within two semesters of graduation, do not use "expected" or "anticipated" with month/year of graduation.
If you are an entry level candidate or recent graduate and have a high GPA, include it on your resume. You may want to highlight your GPA on a new line, or in an educational highlights section. Note: Some employers believe no GPA on a resume indicates an poor GPA. Employers hiring experienced professionals generally care only that you have the degree.
If your education relates to your objective and is within the past three years, it should be the first section. If not, education should follow the work experience section of your resume.
4. Employment and or Experience Summary
A brief summary of qualifications can condense an extensive background by emphasizing experiences and accomplishments in brief phrases. The qualifications summary is accomplishment-oriented and provides an overview of your work experience. A summary is most appropriated for someone with substantial experience, for someone who is changing careers and wants to demonstrate transferable skills, or for someone with an eclectic background.
In general, you should list, in successive order for each position you have held, your employer, position title, dates (year to year), a brief description of your position, and accomplishments. You need to devote little space to explain commonly known responsibilities for positions such as city manager, police chief or public works director. You will probably devote more space for positions such as assistant city manager, city engineer, and similar jobs. You should also indicate the size of the budget and number of employees for whom you were responsible. Give brief, illustrative examples of your responsibilities and accomplishments. This is where you have the opportunity to tailor (while being accurate and truthful) your resume to what the employer is seeking. At least for your current position, indicate your base salary, not the top of your range.
Begin with your current/most recent position and work backward, chronologically. Devote more space to recent employment.
If your job titles relate to your current job objective, start each position description with job titles. If not, begin with the organization.
Follow job title and organizational information with the organization's city and state.
Use the first and last month and year to describe dates of employment.
Describe the lastthree to five positions in detail. Summarize earlier positions unless relevant to your objective.
Do not show every position change with each employer. Only list the most recent and describe promotions.
Do not repeat skills that are common to several positions.
Within each listed position, stress the major accomplishments and responsibilities that demonstrate your competency. It is not necessary to include all responsibilities, as they will be assumed by employers.
Tailor your position descriptions to future job/career objectives.
One-page resumes are preferred for entry-level positions.
Two-Three page resumes are preferred for experienced persons.
5.Professional Activities and Accomplishments
This part of your resume offers you the opportunity to provide insight into your career development. You should be selective and complete, listing such items as memberships in professional associations and offices held, professional registrations, honors received, and major articles or publications you have written. Do not list every article or every speech you may have given or every conference you have attended. Emphasize quality - this section of the resume should help you to demonstrate you are current and active in your profession.
Resume Checklist
1. Contact section: Who are you and how can you be reached?
2. Objective statement: What do you want to do?
3. Education section: What have you learned?
4. Experience/Employment section: What can you do? What have you done?
5. Professional activities and accomplishments: How have you been recognized?
6. Miscellaneous: What else do they want to know about you?
Sequence the categories according to what is most important to the employer and your career objective. A recent college graduate with limited experience should usually put the education section first since it is the most significant qualification. Education should also be listed first when, as in the case of teaching, law, medicine, or engineering, education is a qualifying requirement. In a situation where an applicant wants to
emphasize significant work or extracurricular experience or when an employer seeks to fill jobs in fields such as sales, public relations, or merchandising, the experience or work history category may be listed first.
1. Contact Information
Begin your resume with your name by capitalizing or using bold type. Include street address, city, state, and zip code. Include phone number(s) where you can be reached weekdays, 9am-5pm. Designate your home phone with an "H," and work number with "W," or a "Messages" number.
2. Career/Job Objective
This is recommended only for recent graduates or entry level personnel. Experience and professional job seekers rarely include it. This component of the resume can be very challenging to write. The purpose of the objective statement is to inform the reader of your career goals and qualifications. The statement should be written specifically enough to let the reader know that you have a focus to your job search. If you are considering a variety of objectives, you may want to relay the relevant objective in an accompanying cover letter.
3. Educational Highlights
This section is most effective when you have experiences from your education that are impressive and/or directly relate to your objective. Adding this section is useful when you have developed skills and specific knowledge through your education rather than work experience. This section can be used to highlight coursework, research, or special knowledge that complements your objective. This information is useful in a resume of entry level candidates and recent graduates.
An alternative to highlighting courses is to list the skills and knowledge acquired through important courses and research.
Examples: Developed model investment portfolio for Fortune 500 company. Analyzed revenue and expense history using state-of-the-art computer simulation programs. Designed promotional campaign for new service a targeted market.
Summary information about your undergraduate and graduate education should be included in your resume. List the name and location of the school, time period or date of degree, the degree received, and academic honors, e.g. Phi Beta Kappa, significant scholarships or fellowships. You may also list any continuing education and significant professional training but do not list every course or seminar you have attended. In general, the more recently you have attended college, the more education related information you may want to provide as you will most likely have relatively less work experience.
Start with your most recent degree or the program in which you are currently enrolled. List other degrees or relevant education in reverse chronological order.
Highlight your degree by using bold type, capital letters or underlining.
If the degree is relevant to your job objective, begin with degree and emphasis, followed by university, location of university, and date of graduation or anticipated date of graduation. Example: M.P.A., Masters of Public Administration,
If degree/program is not directly related to current job objective, begin with the university, followed by the location, degree and emphasis, and graduation date.
If you are within two semesters of graduation, do not use "expected" or "anticipated" with month/year of graduation.
If you are an entry level candidate or recent graduate and have a high GPA, include it on your resume. You may want to highlight your GPA on a new line, or in an educational highlights section. Note: Some employers believe no GPA on a resume indicates an poor GPA. Employers hiring experienced professionals generally care only that you have the degree.
If your education relates to your objective and is within the past three years, it should be the first section. If not, education should follow the work experience section of your resume.
4. Employment and or Experience Summary
A brief summary of qualifications can condense an extensive background by emphasizing experiences and accomplishments in brief phrases. The qualifications summary is accomplishment-oriented and provides an overview of your work experience. A summary is most appropriated for someone with substantial experience, for someone who is changing careers and wants to demonstrate transferable skills, or for someone with an eclectic background.
In general, you should list, in successive order for each position you have held, your employer, position title, dates (year to year), a brief description of your position, and accomplishments. You need to devote little space to explain commonly known responsibilities for positions such as city manager, police chief or public works director. You will probably devote more space for positions such as assistant city manager, city engineer, and similar jobs. You should also indicate the size of the budget and number of employees for whom you were responsible. Give brief, illustrative examples of your responsibilities and accomplishments. This is where you have the opportunity to tailor (while being accurate and truthful) your resume to what the employer is seeking. At least for your current position, indicate your base salary, not the top of your range.
Begin with your current/most recent position and work backward, chronologically. Devote more space to recent employment.
If your job titles relate to your current job objective, start each position description with job titles. If not, begin with the organization.
Follow job title and organizational information with the organization's city and state.
Use the first and last month and year to describe dates of employment.
Describe the last
Do not show every position change with each employer. Only list the most recent and describe promotions.
Do not repeat skills that are common to several positions.
Within each listed position, stress the major accomplishments and responsibilities that demonstrate your competency. It is not necessary to include all responsibilities, as they will be assumed by employers.
Tailor your position descriptions to future job/career objectives.
One-page resumes are preferred for entry-level positions.
Two-Three page resumes are preferred for experienced persons.
5.Professional Activities and Accomplishments
This part of your resume offers you the opportunity to provide insight into your career development. You should be selective and complete, listing such items as memberships in professional associations and offices held, professional registrations, honors received, and major articles or publications you have written. Do not list every article or every speech you may have given or every conference you have attended. Emphasize quality - this section of the resume should help you to demonstrate you are current and active in your profession.
Resume Checklist
The following checklist has been designed to assist you in writing your resume.
1. Overall appearance...
makes an immediately favorable impression
is inviting to read
is easy to read
looks professional
2. Contact information...
is clearly presented at the top.
includes address information; permanent and temporary
includes telephone number(s) where you can be reached day and night
3. Objective (optional; use if yours is specific)...
includes type and level of position sought
includes type and size of organization sought
emphasizes strongest qualifications and skills pertinent to desired job
4. Organization...
highlights strongest qualifications or credentials
uses headings to help establish common ground with employer
is brief - usually one page unless you have 5-10 years experience
5. Content...
demonstrates ability to do the job and speaks to employer's needs
supports and substantiates objective
stresses transferable professional skills, accomplishments, and results
contains only that personal data relevant to the job
omits racial, religious, or political affiliations
6. Education section includes...
most recent degree
list of other degrees or relevant training
name and location of university, college, or training institution
major, minor, and/or area(s) of concentration or interest
relevant coursework, skills, or knowledge
GPA, honors, and awards
percentage of educational expenses earned
7. Extracurricular activities section (optional) includes...
list of most impressive offices held, including title and organization
leadership roles and transferable skills
pertinent professional memberships
8. Experience section...
Each relevant paid, volunteer, extracurricular, intern, or co-op experience
dates position held
description of transferable skills, accomplishments, and effectiveness
specific examples of successes and results supporting your objective
examples that quantify results or successes
9. Language...
is expressed in succinct manner
uses action verbs to begin phrases
has short action-oriented phrases instead of complete sentences
is free from grammatical, spelling, and punctuation errors
is in active rather than passive voice
uses vocabulary of the field for which you are applying
10. Layout and space utilization...
is crisp and clean
separates sections and incorporates enough blank space for easy reading
centers text with adequate margins
11. Highlighting and emphasis...
uses bold type, underlining, different type styles and sizes
is well balanced
12. Printing and reproduction...
paper is high quality; heavy weight bond
paper is off-white, ivory, light tan, light gray, or other conventional color
reproduction is clear, clean and professional
print is letter quality, never photocopied
Scannable and E-Mail Resumes
The job search is moving into the electronic age, so make sure your resume is on the cutting edge. Employers who receive several hundred resumes for each advertised opening and a couple of hundred unsolicited resumes now have a better way to manage all the paperwork. How? By investing in electronic databases which store resumes and are quickly accessible by a few simple computer commands.
Resumes may be entered into a system using an optical scanner and the images stored, thereby building a database of applicants and relevant skills. Employers then access candidates by searching the database for qualifications.
Your resume is a place to express individuality and style. However, some fonts and style choices could present too much of a challenge for the scanner. If you follow the tips below, the system will be better able to extract your information accurately.
Font - Standard serif and sans serif fonts work best. Avoid ornate fonts and fonts where the characters touch. Font size is also important. Sizes between 10 points and 14 points work best.
Italics and underlining may cause problems for the scanner, especially if combined. Use boldface for emphasis.
Vertical or horizontal lines should be used sparingly. When used, leave at least a quarter of an inch of space around the line. Avoid graphics and shading or shadowing.
Do not compress or expand the space between letters or lines. Also, do not double space within sections.
The resume you submit should be an original. It should be printed with a laser printer on white or light- colored 8.5 x 11 inch paper. Print on one side only.
Resumes which have been folded, stapled or otherwise mutilated will not scan well.
It is imperative that you describe your skills and accomplishments using the language of your (desired) profession.
These new systems search for applicants by using key words or phrases. So in order for your resume to have appeal in your chosen career field, use the jargon of the field.
While sections which highlight experience, education, languages, technical skills and other categories are important, emphasize specific skills and achievements. Nouns are also more distinguishable than action verbs.
Remember the rules differ for unusual or different looking resumes. The fancy graphics used to catch an employer's eye will only confuse a computer, so keep it simple.
Key Resume Phrases and Words & Additional Categories
The following phrases and words may help with organizing your resume statements. They convey involvement and accomplishments and make your resume more readable.
Interaction with...
Acted as liaison for/between...
Edited...
Established...
Formulated...
Handled...
Initiated...
Implemented...
Maintained...
Managed...
Assigned territory consisting of...
Promoted to/from...
Instrumental in...
Recipient of...
Honored as...
Remained as...
Innovation resulted in...
...amounting to a total savings of...
Recommendations accepted by...
Administered...
Assisted with...
Adept at...
Analyzed/Assessed...
Arranged...
Coordinated...
Conducted...
Counseled...
Delegated...
Directed...
Demonstrated...
Developed...
Advised...
Budgeted...
Consulted...
Delivered...
Drafted...
Evaluated...
Gathered...
Improved...
Installed...
Instructed...
Investigated...
Negotiated...
Organized...
Performed...
Planned...
Presented...
Recommended...
Proven track record in...
Experience involved/included...
Successful in/at...
More than ____ years experience...
Expertise and demonstrated skills...
Experienced in all facets/phases...
Knowledge of/experienced as...
Extensive training/involvement...
Proficient/competent at...
Initially employed...
Specialize in...
Temporarily assigned to...
Direct/Indirect control...
Served/Operated as...
In charge of...
Familiar with...
Assigned to...
Contracted/Subcontracted...
Acted/Functioned as...
Provided technical assistance...
...on an ongoing/regular basis...
...to ensure maximum/optimum...
Worked closely with...
Additional Resume Categories
To add relevant information to your resume that focuses on special
knowledge or skills, consider the following resume headings:
PROFESSIONAL AFFILIATIONS
TECHNICAL SKILLS
ACCOMPLISHMENTS
INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE
ASSETS
COOPERATIVE EDUCATION
HONORS
SCHOLARSHIPS
TRAVEL
LEADERSHIP ACTIVITIES
LANGUAGES
INTERESTS
PUBLICATIONS
QUALIFICATIONS SUMMARY
PRESENTATIONS
REFERENCES
TRAINING
VOLUNTEER ACTIVITIES
The Transmittal Letter
The transmittal letter gives you an additional opportunity to tailor your experience and background to the position for which you are applying. It is important to include a transmittal or cover letter, even if you are sending both a resume and a standard application form. Your letter should be tailored specifically for the position applied for, should address several areas: 1. It should clearly express why you are interested in the position; 2. It should summarize the relationship between your experience and the position (why you are well suited for the position); and 3. It should leave a positive impression. The transmittal letter should be an original letter, no more than two pages in length.
6. Miscellaneous Information
References
While not required, it is a good practice to include in your resume four or five current, work-related references. If you prefer, you can include a separate reference list as an enclosure, with a reference to it in your cover letter.
References should include the name and title of the reference, relationship, and their current telephone number. Work-related means they should have some ability to comment on your skills and capabilities. Most often they will include individuals who have served as your supervisor, co-worker, or subordinate. References from friends, relatives, neighbors and ministers are not considered as useful or valid as work related references.
Unless you are on a first name basis with the person listed on your reference sheet, and the person will immediately accept reference calls, do not include the governor, chief justice, or other high ranking person unless your have actual direct work experience with that person. Name dropping can work against you unless it is bona fide. It may be nice for the reference checker to talk to these people and others with similarly impressive titles, but they need to be work-related references. If you do not want your references contacted without first notifying you, clearly make that indication in your resume, on your reference list, and in your cover letter.)
Military Service
Your resume should include your military service, if any, including rank and the dates you served. If you have had a first career in the military, you should clearly state what your rank and positions were. Trying to make a military career look like a civilian one is very difficult.
Other
You should use your own judgment about including other information. Some applicants include a listing of their hobbies, membership in service or charitable organizations, community service, marital status and similar information. This information can be helpful in giving the reader a more personal view of you, but it could also make you look weird. Be discreet!
Attachments are not necessary for the first screening if you have prepared your resume properly. If you decide to attach items to your resume you need to be very selective. Letters of reference, transcripts, certificates, newspaper articles, and similar items generally should not be attached to your resume unless they are particularly appropriate to the position for which you are applying. Lists of projects, grants obtained, publications may be helpful in demonstrating your qualifications for a particular position, but it should be as an attachment, not as a part of the resume.
For EEO purposes, do not include a picture on your resume or as an attachment. Also, you should not give your age, religious affiliation, race, marital status, number of children or similar information that could be used in a discriminatory manner or not considered job related.
1. Overall appearance...
makes an immediately favorable impression
is inviting to read
is easy to read
looks professional
2. Contact information...
is clearly presented at the top.
includes address information; permanent and temporary
includes telephone number(s) where you can be reached day and night
3. Objective (optional; use if yours is specific)...
includes type and level of position sought
includes type and size of organization sought
emphasizes strongest qualifications and skills pertinent to desired job
4. Organization...
highlights strongest qualifications or credentials
uses headings to help establish common ground with employer
is brief - usually one page unless you have 5-10 years experience
5. Content...
demonstrates ability to do the job and speaks to employer's needs
supports and substantiates objective
stresses transferable professional skills, accomplishments, and results
contains only that personal data relevant to the job
omits racial, religious, or political affiliations
6. Education section includes...
most recent degree
list of other degrees or relevant training
name and location of university, college, or training institution
major, minor, and/or area(s) of concentration or interest
relevant coursework, skills, or knowledge
GPA, honors, and awards
percentage of educational expenses earned
7. Extracurricular activities section (optional) includes...
list of most impressive offices held, including title and organization
leadership roles and transferable skills
pertinent professional memberships
8. Experience section...
Each relevant paid, volunteer, extracurricular, intern, or co-op experience
dates position held
description of transferable skills, accomplishments, and effectiveness
specific examples of successes and results supporting your objective
examples that quantify results or successes
9. Language...
is expressed in succinct manner
uses action verbs to begin phrases
has short action-oriented phrases instead of complete sentences
is free from grammatical, spelling, and punctuation errors
is in active rather than passive voice
uses vocabulary of the field for which you are applying
10. Layout and space utilization...
is crisp and clean
separates sections and incorporates enough blank space for easy reading
centers text with adequate margins
11. Highlighting and emphasis...
uses bold type, underlining, different type styles and sizes
is well balanced
12. Printing and reproduction...
paper is high quality; heavy weight bond
paper is off-white, ivory, light tan, light gray, or other conventional color
reproduction is clear, clean and professional
print is letter quality, never photocopied
Scannable and E-Mail Resumes
The job search is moving into the electronic age, so make sure your resume is on the cutting edge. Employers who receive several hundred resumes for each advertised opening and a couple of hundred unsolicited resumes now have a better way to manage all the paperwork. How? By investing in electronic databases which store resumes and are quickly accessible by a few simple computer commands.
Resumes may be entered into a system using an optical scanner and the images stored, thereby building a database of applicants and relevant skills. Employers then access candidates by searching the database for qualifications.
Your resume is a place to express individuality and style. However, some fonts and style choices could present too much of a challenge for the scanner. If you follow the tips below, the system will be better able to extract your information accurately.
Font - Standard serif and sans serif fonts work best. Avoid ornate fonts and fonts where the characters touch. Font size is also important. Sizes between 10 points and 14 points work best.
Italics and underlining may cause problems for the scanner, especially if combined. Use boldface for emphasis.
Vertical or horizontal lines should be used sparingly. When used, leave at least a quarter of an inch of space around the line. Avoid graphics and shading or shadowing.
Do not compress or expand the space between letters or lines. Also, do not double space within sections.
The resume you submit should be an original. It should be printed with a laser printer on white or light- colored 8.5 x 11 inch paper. Print on one side only.
Resumes which have been folded, stapled or otherwise mutilated will not scan well.
It is imperative that you describe your skills and accomplishments using the language of your (desired) profession.
These new systems search for applicants by using key words or phrases. So in order for your resume to have appeal in your chosen career field, use the jargon of the field.
While sections which highlight experience, education, languages, technical skills and other categories are important, emphasize specific skills and achievements. Nouns are also more distinguishable than action verbs.
Remember the rules differ for unusual or different looking resumes. The fancy graphics used to catch an employer's eye will only confuse a computer, so keep it simple.
Key Resume Phrases and Words & Additional Categories
The following phrases and words may help with organizing your resume statements. They convey involvement and accomplishments and make your resume more readable.
Interaction with...
Acted as liaison for/between...
Edited...
Established...
Formulated...
Handled...
Initiated...
Implemented...
Maintained...
Managed...
Assigned territory consisting of...
Promoted to/from...
Instrumental in...
Recipient of...
Honored as...
Remained as...
Innovation resulted in...
...amounting to a total savings of...
Recommendations accepted by...
Administered...
Assisted with...
Adept at...
Analyzed/Assessed...
Arranged...
Coordinated...
Conducted...
Counseled...
Delegated...
Directed...
Demonstrated...
Developed...
Advised...
Budgeted...
Consulted...
Delivered...
Drafted...
Evaluated...
Gathered...
Improved...
Installed...
Instructed...
Investigated...
Negotiated...
Organized...
Performed...
Planned...
Presented...
Recommended...
Proven track record in...
Experience involved/included...
Successful in/at...
More than ____ years experience...
Expertise and demonstrated skills...
Experienced in all facets/phases...
Knowledge of/experienced as...
Extensive training/involvement...
Proficient/competent at...
Initially employed...
Specialize in...
Temporarily assigned to...
Direct/Indirect control...
Served/Operated as...
In charge of...
Familiar with...
Assigned to...
Contracted/Subcontracted...
Acted/Functioned as...
Provided technical assistance...
...on an ongoing/regular basis...
...to ensure maximum/optimum...
Worked closely with...
Additional Resume Categories
To add relevant information to your resume that focuses on special
knowledge or skills, consider the following resume headings:
PROFESSIONAL AFFILIATIONS
TECHNICAL SKILLS
ACCOMPLISHMENTS
INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE
ASSETS
COOPERATIVE EDUCATION
HONORS
SCHOLARSHIPS
TRAVEL
LEADERSHIP ACTIVITIES
LANGUAGES
INTERESTS
PUBLICATIONS
QUALIFICATIONS SUMMARY
PRESENTATIONS
REFERENCES
TRAINING
VOLUNTEER ACTIVITIES
The Transmittal Letter
The transmittal letter gives you an additional opportunity to tailor your experience and background to the position for which you are applying. It is important to include a transmittal or cover letter, even if you are sending both a resume and a standard application form. Your letter should be tailored specifically for the position applied for, should address several areas: 1. It should clearly express why you are interested in the position; 2. It should summarize the relationship between your experience and the position (why you are well suited for the position); and 3. It should leave a positive impression. The transmittal letter should be an original letter, no more than two pages in length.
6. Miscellaneous Information
References
While not required, it is a good practice to include in your resume four or five current, work-related references. If you prefer, you can include a separate reference list as an enclosure, with a reference to it in your cover letter.
References should include the name and title of the reference, relationship, and their current telephone number. Work-related means they should have some ability to comment on your skills and capabilities. Most often they will include individuals who have served as your supervisor, co-worker, or subordinate. References from friends, relatives, neighbors and ministers are not considered as useful or valid as work related references.
Unless you are on a first name basis with the person listed on your reference sheet, and the person will immediately accept reference calls, do not include the governor, chief justice, or other high ranking person unless your have actual direct work experience with that person. Name dropping can work against you unless it is bona fide. It may be nice for the reference checker to talk to these people and others with similarly impressive titles, but they need to be work-related references. If you do not want your references contacted without first notifying you, clearly make that indication in your resume, on your reference list, and in your cover letter.)
Military Service
Your resume should include your military service, if any, including rank and the dates you served. If you have had a first career in the military, you should clearly state what your rank and positions were. Trying to make a military career look like a civilian one is very difficult.
Other
You should use your own judgment about including other information. Some applicants include a listing of their hobbies, membership in service or charitable organizations, community service, marital status and similar information. This information can be helpful in giving the reader a more personal view of you, but it could also make you look weird. Be discreet!
Attachments are not necessary for the first screening if you have prepared your resume properly. If you decide to attach items to your resume you need to be very selective. Letters of reference, transcripts, certificates, newspaper articles, and similar items generally should not be attached to your resume unless they are particularly appropriate to the position for which you are applying. Lists of projects, grants obtained, publications may be helpful in demonstrating your qualifications for a particular position, but it should be as an attachment, not as a part of the resume.
For EEO purposes, do not include a picture on your resume or as an attachment. Also, you should not give your age, religious affiliation, race, marital status, number of children or similar information that could be used in a discriminatory manner or not considered job related.
Tips For Interview
Here is some tips that will help u to prepare for hr interviews.Discuss it with friends,"sorry" in case of any mistakes in this.
1.Prepare in advance
--at least 2 days before ,so that u would be more fluent and confident in interview.
2.When the interviewer asks "Tell about u r self"
start with"WITH PLEASURE SIR"
-it is just to say "Thank u 4 giving me an oppourtunity to tell about my self"
3.Start with a difference
---------usually students start with "My name is......,My father's name is.....
Don't do the same ,Start some thing different like
"People call me as ....."
"My parents named me as ......."
"................is my name"
4.Parents and family
After telling u r name ,tell u r parents name only.
A better approach would be "I'M PROUD TO BE THE SON OF MR.......AND MRS......"
5.Don't organize as conventional essay
------u can swap the facts just to give the impression that u r spontaneous and had not prepared for this!!!!
For example,
After ur and ur parents details. u need not tell about u r school edu,
but u can start to tell about strengths.Later u can tell about u r school edu( this is just to give an illusion that ur spontaneous)
6.Prepare a speech for atleast 10 min.
--------------some times they expect even more...
7.Tell atleast 5 strengths and justify
Don't use single line statements like
"I'm a confident person"
"I'm a hard worker"
Rather justify it.
For example if r a hardworker u can tell like this...
"sir ,i firmly belive in the power of hardworking.According to me the formula for success is hardwork only.In the past if i had succeded in any thing it is only because of my hardworking only....Because of my hard working only........................
Because of my hard working only......................
Because of my hard working only I had cleared the aptitude test conducted by u and in front of u.
List ur acheivements and tell hardwork as the key for it.....
Simillarly,What ever u say justify it.Tell hoew u implemented it.How it helped u.What u acheived from it.How it will be usefull for the company.
Some of the strengths are.........
1.Hard working
2.Positive attitude
3.optimistic
4.Ability to learn from mistakes
5.Passion to learn new things
6.Helping tendency
7.time conciousness
8.Good memory
9.Extrovert person
10.Team worker
11.Leadership quality ........
Don't forget to justify,no single line sentences!!!!!
Give practical examples.....
8.Don't tell the weakness unless they ask
Don't tell more than one weakness.
If u tell any weakness ,Don't forget to tell how u rectified it or how u r working to overcome it.
Don't be toooo honest in telling u r weakness.
Example......
"Eventhough i'm quite efficient in communication my vocabulary is not so good, but i'm trying to improve upon it.For overcoming it i'm reading
2-daily newspapers
2-wekly mag.
last month i bought "Word power made easy"
I'm attending a smat course in english
9.tell u r goals
Long term goals..
medium term goals...
Short term goals.....
10.Tell what u learned from u r school ,high scoll,college edu
---to give an impression that where ever u go u will learn something,Who ever u meet u will learn some thing.....
11.Give a punch sentence at the last
Throughout the session be Enthusiastic
be confident
make proper eye contact....
1.Prepare in advance
--at least 2 days before ,so that u would be more fluent and confident in interview.
2.When the interviewer asks "Tell about u r self"
start with"WITH PLEASURE SIR"
-it is just to say "Thank u 4 giving me an oppourtunity to tell about my self"
3.Start with a difference
---------usually students start with "My name is......,My father's name is.....
Don't do the same ,Start some thing different like
"People call me as ....."
"My parents named me as ......."
"................is my name"
4.Parents and family
After telling u r name ,tell u r parents name only.
A better approach would be "I'M PROUD TO BE THE SON OF MR.......AND MRS......"
5.Don't organize as conventional essay
------u can swap the facts just to give the impression that u r spontaneous and had not prepared for this!!!!
For example,
After ur and ur parents details. u need not tell about u r school edu,
but u can start to tell about strengths.Later u can tell about u r school edu( this is just to give an illusion that ur spontaneous)
6.Prepare a speech for atleast 10 min.
--------------some times they expect even more...
7.Tell atleast 5 strengths and justify
Don't use single line statements like
"I'm a confident person"
"I'm a hard worker"
Rather justify it.
For example if r a hardworker u can tell like this...
"sir ,i firmly belive in the power of hardworking.According to me the formula for success is hardwork only.In the past if i had succeded in any thing it is only because of my hardworking only....Because of my hard working only........................
Because of my hard working only......................
Because of my hard working only I had cleared the aptitude test conducted by u and in front of u.
List ur acheivements and tell hardwork as the key for it.....
Simillarly,What ever u say justify it.Tell hoew u implemented it.How it helped u.What u acheived from it.How it will be usefull for the company.
Some of the strengths are.........
1.Hard working
2.Positive attitude
3.optimistic
4.Ability to learn from mistakes
5.Passion to learn new things
6.Helping tendency
7.time conciousness
8.Good memory
9.Extrovert person
10.Team worker
11.Leadership quality ........
Don't forget to justify,no single line sentences!!!!!
Give practical examples.....
8.Don't tell the weakness unless they ask
Don't tell more than one weakness.
If u tell any weakness ,Don't forget to tell how u rectified it or how u r working to overcome it.
Don't be toooo honest in telling u r weakness.
Example......
"Eventhough i'm quite efficient in communication my vocabulary is not so good, but i'm trying to improve upon it.For overcoming it i'm reading
2-daily newspapers
2-wekly mag.
last month i bought "Word power made easy"
I'm attending a smat course in english
9.tell u r goals
Long term goals..
medium term goals...
Short term goals.....
10.Tell what u learned from u r school ,high scoll,college edu
---to give an impression that where ever u go u will learn something,Who ever u meet u will learn some thing.....
11.Give a punch sentence at the last
Throughout the session be Enthusiastic
be confident
make proper eye contact....
The World of WWW
- What is HTTP? Explain its working?
- What is DNS?
- Why do I need a domain name like 'OneSmartClick.Com'?
- What happens when I type in some url and press enter?
- How does CGI work? Can I use 'C' language to write a CGI?
- Working of Proxy Server, Cookies, types of cookies?
- What is Firewall?
- How to redirect to another page?
- Some questions on web servers.
- What is DOM?
- Connection Pooling in IIS 3.0 and 4.0
- What is Code Base, Style Sheets?
- Need for CSS
- DHTML: Difference between FontSize and Font Size?
- Layers in TCP/IP
- Some sites work with "http://sitename.com" but for some sites we need to specify "www" - like "http://www.sitename.com". Why?
- Explain "URL Encoding",HTML "entity", GET method, POST method
- If we force XML for web design, the browzer size will reduce. How?
- How does DTD work?
- Difference between ASP and DHTML?
- How to create virtual directory in IIS?
- Can I host muliple sites on same machine?
- Administration of IIS.
- Some questions on ODBC and internet.
- XML and propritory databbases.
- Working of ping, telnet, gopher.
- Some questions about cross-browzer compatibility.
WALK-IN FOR FRESHERS AT BANGALORE & MUMBAI - APRIL 3,2010 - Oracle
Oracle Financial Services Software Limited is hiring Entry Level Trainees for its software centers at Mumbai, Pune, Chennai & Bangalore.
Date: Apr. 03, 2010 (Saturday) Time: 9am to 3pm
Eligibility:
* Education : Engineering ( CS / CE / IT / EE / ECE / Mechanical ) / MCA / MCM
* Year of passing : 2009 (at first attempt)
* Additional criteria:
1. Class X - 60% and above
2. Class XII - 60% and above
3. Undergraduate Degree - 55% and above (applicable to MCA/ MCM students only)
4. Engineering / MCA / MCM - 60% and above
5. Highest degree (applicable for MCA / Engineering / MCM only) should be accredited by AICTE (All India Centre for Technical Education)
6. There should not be more than 1 year gap between Class XII and Undergraduate / Engineering
7. There should not be more than 1 year gap between Undergraduate and MCA / MCM.
All eligible students must carry the following documents -
* Identity proof such as Driver's license/Passport/PAN/Voter's Id, etc. (photo copy)
* Class X, XII mark sheets (photo copy)
* Undergraduate / Post Graduate / Engineering degree certificate(s) clearing showing the aggregate % (photo copy)
* Two recent passport size photographs
Entry into the selection process will ONLY be post verification of all the above documents.
Location: Mumbai
Location: Bangalore
SIES Graduate School of Technology
Sri Chandrasekarendra Saraswathy Vidyapuram
Plot 1-C/D/E, Sector V
Nerul, Navi Mumbai
Sapthagiri College of Engineering
14/5, Chikkasandra
Hesaraghatta Main Road
Bangalore
The selection process shall comprise of the following three stages -
Stage 1: Aptitude test
Stage 2: Technical interview
Stage 3: Behavioral interview
Each stage is an elimination round. Moving into the next stage is subject to clearing the previous stage.
Candidates should carry Blue or Black ball pen, pencil with eraser.
On completion of the selection process, all shortlisted candidates will be informed via email.
Oracle Financial Services Software Limited
C/o. Embassy Business Park,
C V Raman Nagar,
Bangalore-560 093
Tel:+91-80-6659 7000www.oracle.com/
Date: Apr. 03, 2010 (Saturday) Time: 9am to 3pm
Eligibility:
* Education : Engineering ( CS / CE / IT / EE / ECE / Mechanical ) / MCA / MCM
* Year of passing : 2009 (at first attempt)
* Additional criteria:
1. Class X - 60% and above
2. Class XII - 60% and above
3. Undergraduate Degree - 55% and above (applicable to MCA/ MCM students only)
4. Engineering / MCA / MCM - 60% and above
5. Highest degree (applicable for MCA / Engineering / MCM only) should be accredited by AICTE (All India Centre for Technical Education)
6. There should not be more than 1 year gap between Class XII and Undergraduate / Engineering
7. There should not be more than 1 year gap between Undergraduate and MCA / MCM.
All eligible students must carry the following documents -
* Identity proof such as Driver's license/Passport/PAN/Voter's Id, etc. (photo copy)
* Class X, XII mark sheets (photo copy)
* Undergraduate / Post Graduate / Engineering degree certificate(s) clearing showing the aggregate % (photo copy)
* Two recent passport size photographs
Entry into the selection process will ONLY be post verification of all the above documents.
Location: Mumbai
Location: Bangalore
SIES Graduate School of Technology
Sri Chandrasekarendra Saraswathy Vidyapuram
Plot 1-C/D/E, Sector V
Nerul, Navi Mumbai
Sapthagiri College of Engineering
14/5, Chikkasandra
Hesaraghatta Main Road
Bangalore
The selection process shall comprise of the following three stages -
Stage 1: Aptitude test
Stage 2: Technical interview
Stage 3: Behavioral interview
Each stage is an elimination round. Moving into the next stage is subject to clearing the previous stage.
Candidates should carry Blue or Black ball pen, pencil with eraser.
On completion of the selection process, all shortlisted candidates will be informed via email.
Oracle Financial Services Software Limited
C/o. Embassy Business Park,
C V Raman Nagar,
Bangalore-560 093
Tel:+91-80-6659 7000www.oracle.com/
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